No.1 ALT alanine aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase
Enzymes unique to the liver are released when liver cells are damaged, and ALT is abundantly present in the cytoplasm of liver cells. It usually increases before clinical symptoms appear. Has high specificity.
Elevated – liver cell damage or necrosis. This examination has sensitivity and specificity, but it cannot determine the cause of liver disease or whether the damage is reversible.
Reduced – No clinical significance
No.2 AST aspartate aminotransferase, also known as aspartate aminotransferase
Almost exists in all cells, with particularly abundant content in liver and muscle cells, so it is mainly used for the diagnosis of liver and muscle diseases. Red blood cells are also an important source, so the simplified form of hemolysis also shows an increase in ASY. Poor specificity.
Elevated – liver and biliary diseases, increased but not very obvious; Cardiac dysfunction, myositis muscle injury, etc.
Reduced – No clinical significance
No.3 TP total protein
Protein synthesis is an important function of the liver. Determine the synthesis function of the liver and make a judgment on the osmotic pressure in the body.
Elevated – dehydration, lymphosarcoma, multiple myeloma, infection
Reduce hunger, nutritional and absorption disorders, liver disease, and nephrotic syndrome
No.4 ALB albumin
Serum proteins that affect the osmotic pressure of blood can bind to many drugs and transport fatty acids.
Elevated – severe dehydration
Reduce hunger, parasites, chronic malabsorption, chronic liver disease, acute glomerulonephritis
No.5 GLOB Globulin
Mainly produced by the liver, obtained by subtracting albumin from total protein.
Elevated – Excluding liver disease and immune system hyperactivity
Reduce – chronic inflammation, parasitic diseases, plasma cell bone marrow cancer, lymphoma. Autoimmune diseases. Simultaneously occurring with the reduction of ALB.
An increase in GLOB value is a biochemical index characteristic of feline transmission
No.6 A/G albumin/globulin
Reflecting the degree of damage to liver cells and the protein manufacturing function of the liver, severe reduction or inversion indicates severe liver damage and poor prognosis.
A/G value<0.7 is a biochemical index characteristic of feline abdomen transmission
No.7 TBIL total bilirubin
Bilirubin is derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin and exists in the blood in both indirect and non indirect forms.
Elevated – acute and chronic hepatitis with biliary obstruction, acute jaundice with liver atrophy, liver malignancy metastasis, hemolytic jaundice, post transfusion hemolysis, pernicious anemia.
Reduced – seen in anemia
No.8 LDH lactate dehydrogenase
Elevated – muscle disease or trauma, cholestatic liver disease, anemia or acute leukemia
Reduced – No clinical significance
No.9 ALP alkaline phosphatase
Abundant in the liver and bones, it increases moderately during bone repair, but sharply increases during bile stasis and bile duct obstruction.
Elevated – Liver disease caused by bile stasis, in addition to steroid use, liver problems, and bone formation (such as fractures) in growing young animals, can also cause an increase in ALP, which may also increase after acute pancreatitis.
Decrease – When thyroid function is insufficient, ALP activity will decrease.
No.10 ACP Acid Phosphatase
Elevated – bile duct obstruction, intrahepatic bile stasis, muscle disease or trauma, malignant tumor
Reduced – No significant clinical significance
No.11 γ – GT/GGT γ – glutamyl transpeptidase
Participate in the metabolism of glutathione, mainly located on the surface of liver cells, bile duct epithelium, and epithelial cells of renal tubules. The kidneys, liver, and pancreas are rich in GGT, but the serum GGT mainly comes from the hepatobiliary system.
Elevated – liver toxicity, cholestasis (both intrahepatic and extrahepatic), chronic liver dysfunction, kidney disease, pancreatitis. In cats, GGT usually increases significantly compared to ALP.
Reduced – No significant clinical significance
No.12 BUN urea nitrogen
Urea is a metabolic product of protein excreted by the kidneys. Any state that reduces the filtration rate of renal corpuscles or increases protein metabolism will increase the urea nitrogen level in the blood.
Elevated – generally 70% of renal units lose function, including glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, and tumors; Urinary stones, urinary system rupture.
Reduce – progressive liver disease, cirrhosis, low protein diet and absorption disorders, long-term anorexia treated with glucose.
No.13 CRE creatinine
It is a non protein nitrogen product produced by muscle metabolism. It is equally useful as BUN in diagnosis and prognosis assessment. It will also increase in any condition that can reduce the filtration rate of renal corpuscles, but the degree of increase is slower than BUN.
Elevated – Refers to a state of toxicity caused by an increase in blood creatinine levels due to a decrease in urine excretion, which can be seen in uremia. Reduce irrelevant.
No.14 Uric acid
Blood uric acid is mainly excreted from the kidneys, and when kidney function declines, uric acid increases.
Elevated – nephritis, renal dysfunction, significantly elevated during renal failure
No.15 GLU blood glucose
The concentration of glucose in the blood is influenced by diet, liver production, and peripheral excretion rate
Elevated – diabetes, convulsions, exposure to cold and diet, stress
Reduced – pancreatic tumors, hunger, low adrenal cortex function, hypothyroidism and anterior pituitary dysfunction, necrotizing hepatitis, chronic digestive disorders, chronic anemia.
No.16 CO2CP Carbon Dioxide
Elevated – acidosis
Reduce – alkalosis
No.17 Ca Calcium
The plasma calcium level is influenced by diet, endogenous secretin levels, and serum protein quality, and can reflect changes in total plasma protein concentration. Parathyroid hormone can promote the absorption of calcium in the intestinal diet and the reabsorption of calcium in the renal tubules, thereby affecting plasma calcium levels.
Elevated – Elevated serum calcium is observed in cases of excessive vitamin D, gastroenteritis, and acidosis caused by dehydration. Multiple myeloma.
Reduce – hypocalcemia, chronic nephritis, necrotizing pancreatitis, uremia.
No.18 PHOS Phosphorus
Serum phosphorus levels are influenced by diet, endogenous endocrine factors, and renal function.
Elevated – Hyperthyroidism, renal failure, and uremia – the most common causes. Hemolysis (due to the presence of a large amount of phosphorus in red blood cells, if hemolysis or blood collection is not immediately centrifuged, it can cause false elevation)
Decrease – nutritional deficiency and malabsorption, hyperparathyroidism, chondrosis, low phosphorus and high calcium feed, vitamin D deficiency, hyperinsulinemia, diabetes acidosis stage
No.19 AMY amylase
Secreted by the exocrine system of the pancreas, it can break down starch into maltose. Pancreatic necrosis leading to pancreatic duct obstruction can cause amylase to leak into the abdominal cavity, and the serum amylase level will increase to 2-3 times the normal value within 24-48 hours. The increase in serum amylase levels may also be due to inflammation of the upper intestinal tract, leading to increased absorption, or reduced excretion due to kidney disease.
Elevated – pancreatitis, pancreatic necrosis, pancreatic duct obstruction, kidney disease, intestinal obstruction, torsion, perforation, inflammation of the upper small intestine, excessive corticosteroids, stress, adrenal cortex hyperfunction
Reduce – * * * * (to be improved)
No.20 LIPA lipase
It is secreted by the pancreatic exocrine system, which can hydrolyze long-chain fatty acids into short chain fatty acids and cholesterol. When pancreatic necrosis occurs, the value will increase to 2-7 times the normal value within 24-48 hours. The damage to the pancreas causes a longer increase in values compared to the increase in amylase. Similarly, an increase in lipase can also be caused by inflammation of the upper intestinal tract leading to increased absorption and decreased excretion due to kidney disease.
Elevated – acute pancreatitis, upper gastrointestinal inflammation, small intestine obstruction, steroid use, gastrointestinal perforation.
No.21 CHOL cholesterol
It is mainly produced by the liver and discharged from the bile. Hypercholesterolemia can be caused by bile obstruction and protein losing nephrotic nephropathy. Liver cell diseases, such as diabetes, can reduce the serum cholesterol value by reducing the production of cholesterol. Also influenced by diet and exercise.
Height increase or decrease can be a primary nutritional factor or secondary to certain diseases such as thyroid disease, kidney disease, etc. When hypothyroidism occurs, hyperlipidemia can be seen. Diabetes can cause mild hyperlipidemia.
No.22 TG triglycerides
Elevated – biliary obstruction; Kidney disease syndrome group; pancreatitis; After eating (especially with high-fat feed); Diabetes; Pregnant; High volume estrogens; Adrenal corticosteroids; Hypothyroidism; Obesity;
Reduce – excessive exercise; Lactation; Long term malnutrition. Hyperthyroidism, decreased adrenal cortex function, and severe liver dysfunction
No.23 NH3 blood ammonia
Elevated – hepatic coma, hepatic encephalopathy, severe hepatitis with impaired liver function, renal failure, uremia
Reduced – generally not clinically significant
No.24 K potassium
This cation exists in the intracellular fluid and is excreted by the kidneys under the influence of aldosterone. Due to the increase in serum potassium levels and decrease in intracellular potassium levels during acidosis, potassium should be administered to animals with acidosis.
Elevated – renal failure, urethral obstruction, dehydration, adrenal cortex dysfunction, shock, severe hemolysis, excessive oral or injection of potassium containing solution, etc.
Reduced – commonly seen in severe vomiting, diarrhea, adrenal cortex hyperfunction, diuretic use, insulin effects, etc
No.25 Na sodium
This cation exists in extracellular fluid and bone, and serum sodium concentration is controlled by aldosterone, which promotes renal sodium excretion. The reabsorption of sodium by renal tubules requires compensatory secretion of hydrogen and potassium ions.
Elevated – not common, but may occur when there are symptoms of dehydration
Decrease – too little sodium intake, vomiting, diarrhea, kidney disease, diabetes and low adrenal cortex function.
No.26 Cl chlorine
Elevated – seen in reduced chloride excretion, such as acute or chronic glomerulonephritis, gallstones, and heart failure; When there is excessive intake of chloride and intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline results in poor renal excretion.
Reduced – seen in severe diarrhea, vomiting, and polyuria.
No.27 Mg magnesium
Elevated – acute and chronic renal insufficiency, hypoparathyroidism, severe dehydration, diabetes coma
Decreased – seen in hyperthyroidism, long-term diarrhea, vomiting, diabetes acidosis, primary aldosteronism, and long-term use of corticosteroids.
No.28 Fe iron
Elevated – aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, megaloblastic anemia, acute hepatitis, Vtb deficiency.
Reduced – Severe iron deficiency anemia, cirrhosis, iron absorption disorders, malignant tumors